Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovarian follicles and serves as a marker of a woman’s ovarian reserve. Higher AMH levels generally indicate a greater number of remaining eggs, while lower levels suggest reduced fertility potential. AMH is commonly used in fertility assessments, family planning, and evaluating ovarian function before treatments like IVF. It provides insight into reproductive lifespan and helps guide personalized fertility planning.

DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) is a male hormone that is produced in the adrenal glands and is readily converted into testosterone in the body. Testosterone is responsible for a variety of traits which can range from; increasing the mass of bone and muscle to influencing the growth of hair on the body. In women, DHEA-S may be raised in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome. High levels of DHEA-S may also be a contributing factor to excessive bodily hair growth (hirsutism) in women due to increased amounts of DHEA-S being converted to testosterone. In both men and women, elevated DHEA-S may be caused by Cushing's Disease or an overactive adrenal gland that may be caused by an adrenal tumour. Whilst low levels of DHEA-S may also be caused by impaired functioning of the adrenal glands that can result in symptoms including loss of libido or issues with fertility.

Oestradiol is an important steroid hormone that can be found in both men and women. In women, oestradiol is mainly produced by the ovaries and plays a key role in the maturation and maintenance of the female reproductive system. In comparison, men produce considerably lower amounts of oestradiol. This is mainly produced by the testes where some testosterone is converted into oestradiol which is a vital component for the production of sperm. Oestradiol may also be produced to lesser extent by fat tissue in both men and women. Elevated levels of oestradiol may lead to a host of conditions ranging from depression to acne. A raised result has also been found to be associated with an increased risk of breast and uterine cancer. In contrast, low levels may affect the menstrual cycle, fertility, mental health or even lead to osteoporosis. In men, increased oestradiol can lead to infertility, loss of libido or the development of breast tissue. Levels may rise due to the accumulation of excessive fat tissue that secretes oestradiol.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by pituitary gland and plays a key role in the reproductive system of both men and women. In women, FSH regulates the growth of ovarian follicles which secrete progesterone and Estrogen that are required for key events during the menstrual cycle. In men, FSH plays a key role in the development of the testes as well as the production of sperm.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced in the anterior pituitary gland and plays an important role in regulating the function of the reproductive tissues which include the ovaries in females and testes in males. In women, during the first half of a typical menstrual cycle (roughly weeks one to two), LH is required to stimulate the ovarian follicles that are located in the ovaries to produce the female sex hormone oestradiol. LH naturally rises at around day 14 of a women’s cycle and this surge is vital in stimulating the ovaries to release an egg during ovulation. Given fertilization occurs, LH also stimulates the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone that is essential for sustaining pregnancy. For men, LH plays a key role in stimulating the production of the main male sex hormone (testosterone) from Leydig cells present in the testes. Further to this, testosterone is then able to stimulate the production of sperm as well as contribute to the development of a set of characteristic traits which range from increased muscle and bone mass to the degree of bodily hair present. LH also stimulates the production of testosterone in females. Consistently raised LH in women is often associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in which excessive amounts of testosterone are produced as a result of elevated LH. In contrast, low levels of LH may result in the halt of ovulation. Low levels of LH may be a cause of infertility in both men and women due to levels being insufficient in stimulating sperm production or the ovulation process.

Prolactin is a hormone which is produced in the pituitary gland in both men and women. Prolactin can also influence the levels of other important hormones such as Estrogen and testosterone in both sexes. In women, prolactin stimulates the production of milk following the birth of a child. Consequently, levels are characteristically high in pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, elevated prolactin levels in both men and women that are not pregnant or breastfeeding is a condition known as hyperprolactinemia and may lead to loss of libido, bone density loss and potential infertility. In women in particular, elevated prolactin may also lead to other issues such as vaginal dryness or disruptions to the normal menstrual cycle subsequently leading to irregular periods. In comparison, symptoms specific to men in response to high levels of prolactin may include breast enlargement or erectile dysfunction.

SHBG is a protein that is produced by your liver and is able to bind tightly with three main sex hormones (dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone and Estrogen). These hormones can be found in your blood in an unbound, free form in both women and men. However, when SHBG binds to them they become bound and unavailable to the cells of your body, therefore, SHBG can influence the amount of these free hormones that is available to your tissues. A high value for SHBG can indicate a lack of testosterone or oestrogen available to your tissues whilst a low SHBG value can indicate an excess amount of these hormones available. Causes for changes in the level of SHBG other than sex and age include hyperthyroidism and liver disease.

Free Testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone that is not bound to proteins like SHBG and albumin, making it biologically active. It plays a crucial role in muscle strength, bone density, libido, mood, and energy levels. Low or high free testosterone levels can be associated with hormonal imbalances affecting reproductive health and overall wellbeing in both men and women.

Total Testosterone measures the overall amount of testosterone in the blood, including both protein-bound and free forms. It is essential for sexual development, reproductive function, muscle mass, bone health, and energy levels. Abnormal total testosterone levels may indicate hormonal imbalances related to aging, endocrine disorders, or reproductive health issues in both men and women.